Thursday, December 27, 2012

Vaccination programmers


Vaccination programmers

                                      Children in the UK can be given a series of vaccine to protect them against a range of disease (P1). In some countries vaccination is a legal requirement. Vaccination programmers have been particularly successful in virtually eliminating polio (poliomyelitis) and diphtheria in develop countries. Polio my soon become extinct worldwide. Diphtheria is vary rate in the UK, reduced to only 13 cases and no death between 1986 and 1991.
By 1984 the world health organization’s programme of vaccination, which is targeted against six major diseases (measles, pertussis,[whooping, cough], tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria) had immunized some 50% of the children in the world and this has risen to 80% by the mid 1990. It has been estimated that this programme prevented more than one million deaths annually between 1974 and 1984. However, despite great progress, by 1990 about 3 million were still dying each year from these diseases and about 4.6 million were still fully vaccinated. Measles was killing 1.4 million annually (one every 20 seconds). Another 490,000 died of pertussis annually and 450,000 of TB. The manual cost, one-third of which is given in aid, is about US$1.5 thousand million.
       The world health organization expanded programme of  Immunization (EPI) aims to immunize more than 90% of the world’s new born against  a number of viral and bacterial diseases by the year 2000. Hepatitis B is now also being targeted and it is hoped to eradicate polio by the year 2000.
             There is still a need for new vaccines, for example against malaria, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, warm infection, HIV, leprosy and others. Not only are new vaccines required, also more effective and safer vaccines than those in used at the present time are needed. For example the vaccine for cholera is only effective in 50% of patents and the duration of immunity is relatively short. The flu vaccine also needs improvement to make it more effective.


http://www.jgid.org/articles/2011/3/1/images/JGlobalInfectDis_2011_3_1_63_77298_f4.jpg
 

                                                        P1                          

 http://www.beckstone.cumbria.sch.uk/2010_2011/parenting_factsheets/guidance_on_infection_control/advice4.jpg







1 comments:

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